PHP Include File
Server Side Includes (SSI)
You can insert the content of one PHP file into another PHP file before the
server executes it, with the include() or require() function.
The two functions are
identical in every way, except how they handle errors:
- include()
generates a warning, but the script will continue execution
- require()
generates a fatal error, and the script will stop
These two functions are used to
create functions, headers, footers, or elements that will be reused on multiple
pages.
Server side includes saves a lot of work. This means that
you can create a standard header, footer, or menu file for all your web pages. When the header needs to be updated, you can only
update the include file, or when you add a new page to your site, you can simply change the
menu file (instead of updating the links on all your web pages).
PHP include() Function
The include() function takes all the content in a specified file and includes it
in the current file.
If an error occurs, the include()
function generates a warning, but the script will continue execution.
Example 1
Assume that you have a standard header file, called "header.php". To include
the header file in a page, use the include() function:
<html>
<body>
<?php include("header.php"); ?>
<h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
</body>
</html>
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Example 2
Assume we have a standard menu file, called "menu.php", that should be used on all
pages:
<a href="/default.php">Home</a>
<a href="/tutorials.php">Tutorials</a>
<a href="/references.php">References</a>
<a href="/examples.php">Examples</a>
<a href="/about.php">About Us</a>
<a href="/contact.php">Contact Us</a>
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All pages in the Web site should include this menu file.
Here is how it can be done:
<html>
<body>
<div class="leftmenu">
<?php include("menu.php"); ?>
</div>
<h1>Welcome to my home page.</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
</body>
</html>
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If you look at the source code of the page above (in a browser), it will look like
this:
<html>
<body>
<div class="leftmenu">
<a href="/default.php">Home</a>
<a href="/tutorials.php">Tutorials</a>
<a href="/references.php">References</a>
<a href="/examples.php">Examples</a>
<a href="/about.php">About Us</a>
<a href="/contact.php">Contact Us</a>
</div>
<h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
</body>
</html>
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PHP require() Function
The require() function is identical to include(), except that it handles
errors differently.
If an error occurs, the include()
function generates a warning, but the script will continue execution. The require()
generates a fatal error, and the script will stop.
Error Example include() Function
<html>
<body>
<?php
include("wrongFile.php");
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
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Error message:
Warning: include(wrongFile.php) [function.include]:
failed to open stream:
No such file or directory in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
Warning: include() [function.include]:
Failed opening 'wrongFile.php' for inclusion
(include_path='.;C:\php5\pear')
in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
Hello World!
|
Notice that the echo statement is executed! This is because a Warning
does not stop the script execution.
Error Example require() Function
Now, let's run the same example with the require() function.
<html>
<body>
<?php
require("wrongFile.php");
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
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Error message:
Warning: require(wrongFile.php) [function.require]:
failed to open stream:
No such file or directory in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
Fatal error: require() [function.require]:
Failed opening required 'wrongFile.php'
(include_path='.;C:\php5\pear')
in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
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The echo statement is not executed, because the script execution stopped
after the fatal error.
It is recommended to use the require() function instead of include(), because
scripts should not continue after an error.
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